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Similarity is not dependence
Standard Babylonian version, second millennium BCE
An Akkadian epic preserved on cuneiform tablets. Its eleventh tablet contains a flood account in which a single figure is instructed to build a vessel, survives an inundation, and releases birds to test for dry land.
Second millennium BCE
A Babylonian composition on seven tablets narrating a conflict among divine beings and the ordering of the cosmos, including the division of waters and the formation of the sky.
Old Babylonian period
An Akkadian composition combining an account of the creation of humanity with an account of a flood sent against it.
Late Bronze Age, Ugarit
A cycle of Ugaritic tablets concerning the storm deity Baal, his conflict with Sea and with Death, and the building of his house.
Eighteenth century BCE
A Babylonian legal collection inscribed on a stele, comprising a prologue, a body of case law in conditional form, and an epilogue.
New Kingdom Egypt
An Egyptian instructional text organised in numbered chapters, addressed to a son and concerned with conduct, speech, honesty in trade, and the treatment of the poor.
Composite work, sections from the third century BCE onward
A composite Jewish apocalyptic work attributed to Enoch, comprising several distinct sections including a book of watchers, astronomical material, and visions.
Second century BCE
A retelling of Genesis and part of Exodus organised by jubilee periods, with expansions and chronological framing not present in the biblical narrative.
First to early second century CE
A short early Christian manual covering ethical instruction in a two-ways form, baptism, prayer, the eucharist, and the reception of travelling teachers.